<aside> 💡 Disambiguation: (Harvard) Spectral type = OBAFGKM, (MK) luminosity class = I,II,III,IV,V etc., spectral class = G2V (e.g.)

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Spectral class

Spectral type

Type O B A F G K M
Max temp (effective) $\infin$ 33000 10000 7300 6000 5300 3900
(to 2300)

Within the classes, 0 is the hottest and 9 is the coolest, evenly spaced in a logarithmic temperature scale

Luminosity class

0/Ia Iab Ib II III
Hypergiant Luminous supergiant intermediate-size luminous supergiant Less luminous supergiant Bright giant
IV V VI VII
Subgiant Main-sequence stars (dwarfs) Subdwarfs White dwarfs

Thermodynamics

Electron temperature

<aside> 💡 Electron temperature can be associated with energy using this relation: $E=k_BT$ Also, some questions use the particle nature of light.

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Radiation mechanisms

See fundamental astro ch. 5

Hydrostatic equilibrium (pressure continuity):

$$ \frac{dP}{dr}=-\frac{GM_r\rho}{r^2} $$

This is the net effect, and still allows for convection. In other words it is averaged over the shell at $r$

Similarly, the mass continuity equation:

$$ \frac{d M_r}{dr}=4\pi r^2 \rho $$

Energy conservation ($\epsilon$ is the energy produced per unit volume):

$$ \frac{d L_r}{dr}=4 \pi r^2\rho \epsilon $$